Data Summary and Discussion

The information introduced shows the sum charged on Mastercards by family units of a given size and salary. This information shows that while the sum spent by families changes relying upon the size and pay, the mix of both may likewise have a significant bearing on the measure of that household’s obligation. The obligation go for the whole informational collection of 50 family units is $1,864 to $5,678 every year, while the earnings in the set range from $21,000 to $67,000 every year. The households’ measures in this informational index go from one (1) to seven (7). At the point when every factor is taken independently, one finds that each does to a huge expand anticipate the measure of obligation that the family unit conveys. What is explicitly appeared in this information is that families will in general have a higher measure of obligation relying upon the quantity of people who live in the house, as it biggest families by and large convey an obligation sum that lies on the higher finish of the range. For instance, the normal obligation for the three seven-man family units lies at $4,911, which is just around 700 dollars underneath the most elevated obligation measure of $5,678. The information likewise shows that the normal obligation for the five one-individual families is around $2,781. In any case, what the information likewise shows is that despite the fact that obligation ascends as the family unit size ascents, it does as such at a diminishing rate. The way that the normal obligation for one-individual family units is altogether higher than the lower end of the range shows that the low end may speak to an incidental sum, and in fact it does. This is the obligation conveyed by a two-man family. A superior examination of the one-individual family normal obligation could be made with the determined obligation per head for the whole informational collection. The complete number of people in all family units is 171, and the all out obligation for all families is $198,203. The normal obligation per capita for this gathering of people is about $1,159. This, contrasted and the normal obligation for the one-individual families, shows that the obligation for the one-individual families speaks to an excessively high size of twice as much as the general per capita obligation. This may be clarified by the way that the fixed expenses for family units by and large remain generally the equivalent paying little heed to what number of people may live in the house. Different components that bear on this are unessential, for example, the spending designs and money related attention to the people in every family unit. In any case, another central point to consider in foreseeing family unit obligation is the yearly salary of the people inside each house. Which is a Better Predictor: family unit size or salary? In any case, further examination shows that even family, without anyone else, doesn't anticipate the measure of obligation well overall. Truth be told, the information highlights the way that family size predicts the yearly Visa charges superior to family pay. Glancing back at the past model, one sees a family unit that gains $26,000 delivering obligation tantamount to a large portion of the better quality workers. Some portion of this obligation size must be ascribed to the way that the family unit acquiring such a little pay in contrast with other family unit is confronted with the test of supporting seven people. Another family gaining $23,000 bolsters six people and shows Mastercard charges of $4,127 every year. Different family units of practically identical income ($21,000 and $27,000) show littler Visa charges of $2,448 and $2,477 separately, and this can be credited to their littler family measures. Mix of Household Size and Earnings The salary run for the informational index has just been expressed as $21,000 to $67,000. The absolute pay for this gathering is $2,174,000 and the normal pay is $43,480. The normal obligation for every family is $3,964 which falls around in the center of the $1,864 to $5,678 territory. In any case, what one notification is that however the normal obligation for the three 7-man family units is demonstrated to be $4,911, the most elevated obligation in that fragment goes to the family with the most elevated pay. Along these lines, the $5,301 obligation goes to the family unit that acquires $55,000 every year, while the most minimal obligation of $4,603 goes to the family unit that gains just $26,000 every year. This exhibits the mix of family unit size and family salary is a general better indicator of Visa charges that any of those factors alone. As per this, a family unit comprised of three people and acquiring $40,000 should show a Visa charge inside the middle scope of about $3,800 †$4,100. This would be relied upon to be similar to some other family unit of three people, yet somewhat beneath those families of three that have higher profit. Other Data Necessary to Make Accurate Predictions Other data concerning these households’ advances, home loans, and neighborhood areas would likewise be mentioned of the customer. As indicated by the conversation above, however, no doubt regardless of the way that family unit size predicts the yearly Mastercard charges superior to family salary, different factors likewise influence the size of Visa obligation. What one notes is that the greater part of the low-procuring families do in any case show an excessively higher measure of obligation than their partners of high-acquiring families with comparable family estimates. Family units that, for instance win twice as much as another don't for the most part show twice as much obligation in this informational index. Nor is this so for families that have twice the same number of people. One supporter of this is the presence of fixed expenses, as referenced previously. In any case, this doesn't represent all the inconsistencies. In this manner, different components that may add to Mastercard charges incorporate the measure of past obligation, (for example, college educational cost advances, contracts, and so on) that every family unit has brought about. They may likewise incorporate the household’s disposition toward its accounts and toward obligation as a rule. Different components include the typical cost for basic items inside the geological zone of the specific family unit and the general way of life to which the family is acclimated. Work Cited Professor’s Name. â€Å"Data Sheet.† Name of Class. City: University, 2007.

Narcissistic Personality Disorder Essay -- Narcissism Essays

Narcissism is simply the over the top interest; inordinate self esteem; vanity. The expression, narcissism comes, obviously, from the Greek fantasy of Narcissus. Narcissus evaded the various fairies until one of them supplications to the goddess of affection and caused a solicitation that some time or another narcissus would to feel the delight and torment of adoration. The goddess conceded the desire to the sprite and narcissus before long would comprehend the delight and torment of adoration. Narcissus went to get a beverage of water and saw the most the most excellent face that he had ever observed; he plunged in to kiss the face however could in light of the fact that it was his own appearance. Narcissus had become hopelessly enamored with his self. He lost all significance of food, development or anything. Narcissus was reviled with the adoration for his own picture and he kicked the bucket on the grounds that the idea of not having the option to kiss his self slaughtered him; a long these lines the term narcissism was conceived. Regularly individuals who have narcissistic conduct are portrayed as consideration searchers, individuals who need the commendation of others, individuals who have a demeanor unnecessary presumptuousness and over all absence of confidence. Regularly this narcissism prompts a narrow minded attitude. An individual with a narcissistic issue acclaims themselves to daze themselves to their own instabilities. Any commendation of others is seen by the distorted psyche of a narcissist as a â€Å"threat† to that person. What makes this issue substantially more serious that any conventional character issue is that narcissistic individuals feed off the recognition of others just as themselves similarly as narcissus did. The narcissist precludes the presence from claiming his/her internal identity. Narcissists are unnerved of snapshots of mindfulness. They tend to concentrate on the defects of others so that admitting they have an issue won’t be conceivable since ... ...nd qualities like these truly can’t leave yet what the medication, family advising, psychotherapy and the treatment given is assume to do is limit these upheaval and help the patient and the individuals around them adapt to their turmoil. Works Cited http://my.clevelandclinic.org/disarranges/personality_disorders/hic_narcissistic_personality_disorder.aspx EBSCOhost: Hypomanic side effects foresee an expansion in narcissistic and theatrical character; Source: Depression and Anxiety (1091-4269); 2008 Vol.25 Issue 10. Page 892-898 Record Type: Article: Narcissistic Personality Disorder, Hypomania Personality Affective Disorders J.Psychiatry 1994 †Rick Factors for Suicidal conduct in Borderline Personality Disorder Writers: of the book Soloff PH, Book Am J. Psychiatry, 1994 †Page 151, 1316-23 Creators: LisJa, Kelly, T. Cornelius J, Ulrich R.

A Minimalist, a Japanese Cowboy, and an Arrogant American Walk into a Museum

A Minimalist, a Japanese Cowboy, and an Arrogant American Walk into a Museum I’m standing outside one my favorite places on earth, the Getty, next to an Asian man outfitted in rancher’s attire: white cowboy hat, yellow snakeskin boots, head-to-toe denim. The views here are stunning.  Even under a ceiling of cerebral clouds, you can see miles in every direction: I think I finally understand the true meaning of the word “panoramic.” With a galaxy of green hills to the south, downtown L.A.’s diffused skyline to the east, and a string of ruby taillights scorching the congested 405 to the north, the sun is preparing its descent into the hills of Santa Monica to our west, casting long, angular shadows before it disappears behind the Pacific’s metallic horizon, like a glowing coin placed carefully into a wishing well. “I like your hat,” I say to the denim-clad man, towering over him even with his heeled snakeskins. “I like it, too,” he responds definitively, with a thick Japanese accent and a nicotine smile, his cadence dressed in conviction. “I love living life,” he says with no further explanation, as if everything that needed to be explainedâ€"about him, about life in generalâ€"is contained inside those four words. Although we’ve never met, the two of us are bystanders in the museum’s afternoon architecture tour, which is just wrapping up. Our tour guide points out the 80,000-year-old granite pillars framing the impending sunset. Behind us, an American man is complaining to his wife about the cold breeze, about the clouds overhead, about the lack of amplification in the tour guides voice. He has been pompously protesting the entire tour. Apparently the universe has conspired to ruin his day.  From the sound of his steadfast objections, everything here is ill-suited for his presence. There should be something out of place with a five-foot-tall Japanese cattleman standing among Rembrandt paintings and modern architecture in Southern California, but theres not. And yet something is off with the everyday American maundering about the worlds inadequacies. Tuning out the American for a moment, I let the cowboy know he would fit in well back home in Montana. We have a lot of big hats and pickup trucks, I tell him. He says he likes that part of the countryâ€"“the Wild Western” he calls itâ€"and then recommends a book called The Solace of Open Spaces by Gretel Ehrlich. (Although the book is out of print, I later find a copy online and discover for myself Ehrlich’s gorgeous rumination on life on Wyoming’s high plains.) Despite the cowboy’s unconventional appearance, or maybe because of it, it is obvious that he would fit in almost anywhere. His posture, his gait, even his gap-toothed grin, speak volumes about this man’s interior life. He seems composed, resolute, contentâ€"many miles from arrogant.  In a word, he is confident. Conversely, no place seems fit for the babbling American: his regal standards and his poor expectations make assimilation a constant problem.  After another snarky comment directed toward his wife, I give him a searing eyeful, and his gaze immediately searches for his feet.  His voice may be the loudest in the pack, but volume isnt a measure of confidence. A truly confident man need only whisper to be heard. The sun is completing its coin toss into the ocean, our group outlined in twilight. Looking over the cowboy, surveying his staunch temperament, I realize that his confidence is simply an external display of a rich interior lifeâ€"congruency between his internal and external worlds.  Arrogance, on the other hand, is the opposite of confidence: a veneer of composure, incongruence at its zenith.  This is why a confident man is able to coalesce with any group, anywhereâ€"an arrogant man, nowhere at all. Confidence holds up under scrutiny, whereas arrogance fractures with the slightest crack. And, as human beings, we all have cracks. Sooner or later, a spotlight is shone and the arrogant mans pomposity  is exposed, seeping through the veneer, while the confident man just admires the beauty of his flaws. Read this essay and 150 others in our new book, Essential.

Learning Disabilities and the Classroom - 1102 Words

Mary L. Burkitt Grand Canyon University: SPE 359 July 7, 2013 Learning Disabilities and the Classroom With every classroom you are able to see a dynamic between students and their teacher. It takes a strong teacher to really make everything accessible to all students including student with learning disabilities. The class that I watched was Christina Hilliker’s second grade. The disabilities that were part of this great dynamic were Downs, Autism, ADHD, auditory processing and behavior issues that cause learning difficulties. Within the classroom I was able to see many ways that Ms. Hilliker was maintaining her classroom. For general classroom behavior she used a stop light method (red, green yellow). Each student had a†¦show more content†¦I found it very strange to find out that the student with Downs was not labeled as a learning disability but was put into this category to access what she needed academically. I did not like the fact that due to funding most of the students like this were not on an alternative curriculum in a ll cases. I would however use Ms. Hilliker’s seating ideas because it seemed to help B.S. maintain his behavior and compete is work with minimal distractions and M.M. was close to the teacher at all times to ask for clarification. I did notice that M.M. was labeled as auditory processing disorder and there were few accommodations to help this student as an individual. While watching B.S. it was clear that there was the need to have some type of social skills expectations that should be worked with, this student was very immature and inappropriate at times. M.M. on the other hand had no social interaction with his classmates unless the teacher essential made him do it. I also saw that students that were higher sometimes made B.S. and C.S. get off task when they thought it would be funny for them to get negative attention from the teacher, this was normally right after the Para or teacher paid one on one attention to these two particular students. It was clear that Ms. Hillik er was familiar with this behavior as well because she was able to stop most of this behavior before it got out of hand and wasShow MoreRelatedLearning Disability And Its Impact On The Classroom849 Words   |  4 Pageshave more hardship than any child should ever have. In my second grade classroom, we have a majority of ELL’s coming from Spanish-speaking homes. As I have been observing my Cooperating teachers students’ that she looped with from first grade to second grade, she has been providing me with insight on some non-academic disabilities that one of our students suffers with. Although it is not technically considered a learning disability it prevents them from accomplishing tasks at the same rate as our otherRead More Students with Learning Disabilities and the Inclusive Classroom2748 Words   |  11 Pagesteachers dream of the classroom filled with fifteen tranquil, enthusiastic students, all with their note books out and pencils prompt for note taking. Thi s is the classroom where everyone works together, at the same pace, and without any interruptions or distractions. This is the ideal classroom setting. The only problem with this picture is that it does not exist. Students are all different. Kids all learn different ways, and at varying paces. Both Physical and Learning Disabilities can hinder a child’sRead MoreClassroom And Student Implications : Students With Learning Disabilities964 Words   |  4 PagesClassroom/Student Implications: In the classroom, the student with learning disabilities, notably struggles with pronouncing simple words, reading, or solving math problems as their peers. The major ramification of learning disabilities is the underachievement in one or more academic skills that are shared by most students with LD, with reading as the most difficult area for students. Later, their struggling might reach a point of dropping out of school, which rate is 8% (one out five studentsRead MoreStudents With Learning Disabilities Academic Needs Essay1069 Words   |  5 Pageswithin integrated classroom is students with learning disabilities academic needs are not being meet. For teachers to successfully enforce integrated classroom they need all the same resources a special education classroom receives for the students. What can occur unfortunately classroom population for teacher and student’s ratio is increasing, and can have a negative effect for student academic performance. For a classroom to b e successful the classroom size matter because classroom size has a greatRead MoreChildren And Disabled Students With Disabilities950 Words   |  4 Pagesstudents with disabilities feel? Have you question why students with disabilities are excluded from classrooms. Not everyone is passionate about bringing students with disabilities into a normal classroom environment. Let s begin with defining the terms students with disabilities. Students with disabilities mean children or students who require special education because of: autism; communication disorders; emotional disturbances; hearing impairments, specific learning disabilities; traumatic brainRead MoreBenefits Of Mainstreaming Students With Disabilities Essay1658 Words   |  7 Pageschoice to mainstream students in regular education classrooms for many years and have been set back in each IEP (Individualized Educational Plan) on what would benefit the child. Not enough students with disabilities are being mainstreamed so t hey can experience the full capacity of their learning stages. It is important for all individuals involved to understand the pros and cons associated with placing a student with disabilities into a normal classroom with everyday students. Allowing students theRead MoreDoes Inclusion Result In Favorable Effects? Essay709 Words   |  3 Pagestrends in education today is the inclusive of children and youth with handicaps into regular learning classrooms. Inclusion refers to the practice of instructing all students regardless of disability. Although the term is new, the basic law is not, and reflects the belief that students with a disability should be taught in the least restrictive environment, or as close to the mainstream of regular learning as possible. The least restrictive environment doctrine is one key element of federal specialRead MoreInclusion For Special Needs Students Essay1633 Words   |  7 Pagespursuance in including culturally sensitive curriculum in today†™s classroom. However, there is still a lack of inclusion for special needs students in general classroom settings. My interest in this topic stems from my major in EC-6, Special Education. My goal is to work with students with special needs. It is important to integrate students with disabilities in classrooms with students without disabilities. By allowing students with disabilities to have access to a general education will enable them toRead MoreInclusion Has Been A Major Topic Between Educators And1576 Words   |  7 Pagesgood idea to educate general education children in the same classroom along with special needs children, including those with multiple disabilities. And then there are many that believe special education and general education can actually can be accomplished in one classroom along with one general education teacher and one special education teacher working together , teaching the same curriculum to a full inclusive classroom. Having a classroom like this f or children with special needs would be a hugeRead MoreI Am Observing For The After School Action Program Essay1724 Words   |  7 Pages12 students, which 4 students have learning disabilities. Research has been conducted by my observation of various techniques implemented for the inclusion of these students. During my observation, several approaches have been used with success in retaining students understanding of the material being presented. First, as a student whose major is ECL-6 Special Education, I want to study different approaches to which teachers implement on students with disabilities. Secondly, as I continue to observe

F. Scott Fitzgerald s Winter Dreams - 1184 Words

F. Scott Fitzgerald’s Winter Dreams is about the dreams of Dexter Green. And he is the main character of the short story. His goal to achieve this dream affects the way he lives his life, and the consequences that come with the choices his makes. He wishes to be a part of the rich society. The dream was gone. Something had been taken from him.† Gidmark explicates Fitzgerald s quote, about when Dexter loses the capability of feeling and caring, he states, Dexter s dream of Judy had kept him energetic, passionate, and alive, and now the dream has been taken from him. Winter Dreams produces mental pictures in one s head, depicting the theme. The images are used in order to keep his love alive for Judy Jones and the brightness of his†¦show more content†¦3. This story is written by Hemingway in 1933.The story is focus on the old men and waiter men comment on that old men. In the story Nada means nothing in Spanish in Hemingway s A Clean Well-Lighted Place represent s the author s belief that life is without objective meaning. Without any meaning in his life, the old man has attempted suicide, but has been saved by others. Now that he must endure life, the old man stay late at the cafe seeking light from the darkness of nothingness nada to which he must return. Thus, he shuns his return to the darkness because in it he is alone with his thoughts, his despair, and his isolation. Because he knows that the world has no real norms, rules, or laws, it is only the light that keeps him from thinking about this nothingness. Likewise, the older waiter recognizes the futility of a life that is essentially meaningless. So, he tries to keep the cafe open and light for those others like him. After the cafe closes, the waiter stops for a drink at another place because he, too, is reluctant to return to the nothingness that awaits him in the dark. He would lie in the bed and finally, with daylight, he would go to sleep. Only the light makes him forget the nada. The old man only says, Nada, once, and he means it literally. The rest of the nadas come from the narration, which seems to be filtered through the old waiter s perspective. â€Å"It wasShow MoreRelatedF. Scott Fitzgerald s Winter Dreams Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesThe object of affection in F. Scott Fitzgerald’s â€Å"Winter Dreams,† at the onset of the story a young girl, is described as â€Å"beautifully ugly as little girls are apt to be who are destined after a few years to be inexpressibly lovely and bring no end of misery to a great number of men† (Fitzgerald 445). In this description the perspective of the male dominates. Everything detailed is inexplicably to the endearment of the man, from the â€Å"inexpressibly lovely† to the â€Å"no end of misery.† It is from thisRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald901 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott Fitzgerald is well known for his numerous short stories and novels during the â€Å"Jazz Age†. Take for instance, his best-selling novel The Great Gatsby and one of his short stories â€Å"Winter Dreams†. Each tell a cunning tale of romance and â€Å"the one who got away†. These two tales provide a glimpse into the lives of the rich and poor in the dazzling â€Å"Jazz Age†. However, these two stories have their differences, and they each have similar points for the reader to discover. Throughout F. Scott Fitzgerald’sRead MoreThe Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald930 Words   |  4 PagesF. Scott F itzgerald is mostly known for his images of young, rich, immoral individuals pursuing the American Dream of the 1920’s (Mangum). This image is best portrayed in his greatest novel, The Great Gatsby, alongside his principal themes, â€Å"lost hope, the corruption of innocence by money, and the impossibility of recapturing the past† (Witkoski). Fitzgerald was identified as a modern period writer because his themes and topics were inconsistent with traditional writing (Rahn). The modern periodRead MoreComparison of the American Dream in The Great Gatsby and â€Å"Winter Dreams†953 Words   |  4 PagesThe short story of â€Å"Winter Dreams† was written around the same time that Fitzgerald was developing ideas for a story to turn into a novel. While The Great Gatsby wasn’t published until 1925, â€Å"Winter Dreams† dà ©buted in 1922 and the similarities between the novel and short story were done on purpose. â€Å"Winter Dreams† became a short draft which Fitzgerald paralleled The Great Gatsby after, but also differentiated the two in specific ways (â€Å"Winter Dreams† 217). The main characters are both men, Jay GatsbyRead MoreRomantic Nostalgia As A Method Of Self Destruction By Edna St. Vincent Millay And F. Scott Fitzgerald1298 Words   |  6 PagesHally Chirinos Professor Connie Douglas English 232 13 October 2014 Romantic Nostalgia as a Method of Self Destruction by Edna St. Vincent Millay and F. Scott Fitzgerald Throughout literature, countless poems, plays, and novels are written about lost loves. Either written as a poem of remembering the past or telling the story of people trying regain a love from the past, romantic nostalgia is what causes their emotions in poem or actions within a story. American writers of the 20th century haveRead MoreThe American Dream As Defined By F. Scott Fitzgerald960 Words   |  4 Pages Sweet Dreams (An Analysis of the American Dream as Defined by F. Scott Fitzgerald in Winter Dreams) In Winter Dreams by F. Scott Fitzgerald, the author describes through a love story the idea of the American Dream. When young Dexter falls in love with Judy Jones, she quickly becomes his dream. However, it will become apparent that Dexter is not Judy’s dream. Although their dreams are very different, this somehow embodies the very idea of the American Dream as a concept that cannot be specificallyRead More Comparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway Essay1214 Words   |  5 PagesComparing F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway F. Scott Fitzgerald and Ernest Hemingway, though both evolved from the same literary time and place, created their works in two very dissimilar writing styles which are representative of their subject matter. The two writers were both products of the post-WWI lost generation and first gained notoriety as members of the American expatriate literary community living in Paris during the 1920s. Despite this underlying fact which influencedRead MoreAnalysis Of F. Scott Fitzgerald2104 Words   |  9 Pagescan be so undetermined, is what one spends ones entire life searching for. F. Scott Fitzgerald, a poetic and romantic writer, shows his definition of happiness through every story he has written. Fitzgerald’s background starts as a hopeless romantic, winning over the heart of his wife by rewriting a novel he had previously started on. Fitzgerald’s focus his entire life was becoming something, and wanting fame. During this 20’s, if one didn’t have the dazzle, and the glamour, one was nothing. Even theRead More The American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby1134 Words   |  5 PagesThe American Dream in F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby The Great Gatsby, by F. Scott Fitzgerald, is a brilliant illustration of life among the new rich during the 1920s, people who had recently amassed a great deal of wealth but had no corresponding social connections. The novel is an intriguing account about love, money and life during the 1920s in New York. It illustrates the society and the associated beliefs, values and dreams of the American population at that time. These beliefsRead More Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald and His Work Essay735 Words   |  3 PagesFrancis Scott Key Fitzgerald and His Work      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By the time F. Scott Fitzgerald published The Great Gatsby in 1925, he had already amassed an impressive literary resume. From his first commercial publication of the short story, Babes in the Woods at age 23 to The Sensible Thing at age 28, Fitzgerald published fourteen short stories, one play, two collections of short stories, and two novels. His first novel, This Side of Paradise, made Fitzgerald a celebrity

Essay about Adolf Hitler - 3455 Words

The seeds of Hitlers rise to power were planted following the outcome of the First World War. With Germanys defeat, many German men returned to Germany feeling betrayed by their country and government. Among them was Adolf Hitler, a young Austrian Corporal who had fought bravely for Germany. When the World War broke out, Hitler was very happy. The War had been a blessing to the young Hitler, who had been unsuccessful in civilian life. When Germany was defeated, Hitler was devastated. He wrote, quot;I could sit there no longer, once again, everything went black before my eyes, and I tottered and groped my way back to the place where we slept, and buried my burning head in the blankets and pillows.quot; (Stewart p.31). On returning†¦show more content†¦Although this was small party, in a few years it becomes the most powerful political group in Europe. When a member, Hitler became very busy, spending all his free time doing work for the party, forcing him to resign from his military position. Until that time a man by the name of Drexler had been the leader of this party. It was this man who saw that Hitler had much potential. This is therefore the reason for promoting him to the position of director of propaganda. In this new position, Hitler set to work, spreading news of the partys ideas and meetings. With the increased publicity, the party grew attracting! large audiences who were curious and intrigued by Hitler and his speeches. Although at first a shy and awkward man, Hitler became a very powerful and convincing orator. At theses meetings Hitler spoke of The Versaille Treaty, the Jews, Communists, and the Germany and the Worlds future. As one bystander said, quot; he could sent shivers down ones spinequot;.Within a few months membership increased to over a thousand members. Hoping to gain further popularity, Hitler changed the name of the Party to the National Socialist German Workers Party (abvr. NAZI). This because he felt that the old name was boring and lacked clarite. As his power increased he introduced a new flag and symbol of the Party. By 1920, Hitler demanded Drexler for full control of the party. Drexler, without any alternatives gave over power. With the new authority,Show MoreRelatedAdolf Hitler 794 Words   |  4 Pageshorrible attempt to annihilate certain races and religions was all brought upon by one man, Adolf Hitler. Adolf Hitler took power in 1833 and immediately started his plan to exterminate the Jews. Hitler had the Nazi party behind him and eventually thousands of soldiers to help him invade the many countries for living Jews. He held rallies where he had speeches to his followers and had what is called the Hitler Youth Movement that teaches the youth on what only the Nazi’s racial and political influenceRead MoreAdolf Hitler1820 Words   |  8 PagesAdolf Hitler â€Å"The one who does not remember history is bound to live through it again† –George Santayana Adolf Hitler is known for having the greatest impact on Europe in all of history, especially Germany. Although the majority of people look down on him for his mass murder of about 6 million Jews in a short time period, his story of influence on a whole country is incredible. He started out as a boy from a little town in Austria with nothing more than a paintbrush and a dream; a dream to becomeRead MoreEssay on Adolf Hitler1412 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler â€Å"Germany will either be a world power or will not be at all.† (Hitler 137) Hitler was driven by his hunger for power, causing the death of millions of innocent people. No one could have known the dramatic effect this man would soon have on the world. Adolf Hitler’s life began in Austria on April 20, 1889. Born at the Braunqu-am-inn. Hitler had four siblings Gustav Hitler, Ida Hitler, Paula Hitler, and Edmund Hitler. Gustav and Ida Hitler died in their infancy, while his brotherRead More Adolf Hitler Essay1353 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler When most people think of Adolf Hitler, they think of a cruel person who killed many innocent Jews. The majority of people do not think of Hitler as the type of guy who would write plays and librettos for operas. Let alone do they think of him as the type of person who loved to read Westerns and play cowboys and Indians as a kid. Was Adolf Hitler a bad leader? Was there a side of Adolf Hitler that the world did not see? Hitler’s life impacted the world in many waysRead MoreThe Rise Of Adolf Hitler1457 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who have elected them. The rise of Dictator Adolf Hitler to supreme power in Nazi Germany would prove to be an event in history that was totally inexplicable in any terms. He was an adventurer who desired to conquer the German people and dominate the entire world, reshaping it accordingly to his desires and pleasures. The evidence of his pestiferous acrimony is all around us, making it quite difficult to believe he did it all on his own. Hitler is one who emerges from obscurity to shake the worldRead MoreAdolf Hitler Essay12 77 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler 1889 - 1920 Adolf Hitler was born on April 20th 1889 in the small Austrian village of Braunau Am Inn. Hitler would one day lead a movement which would leave its mark in history. To understand him better, we must study his early life and roots. Family Information ================== Hitlers father, Alois was born in 1837. He was the son of Maria Anna Schicklgruber whose mate was unknown, but could have been Jewish. When Alois HitlerRead MoreEssay on Adolf Hitler1159 Words   |  5 PagesAdolf Hitler Adolf Hitler was born to Alois and Klara Hitler on April 20th, 1889. His childhood was unhappy, but not totally miserable. His father wanted him to be a civil servant, but Adolf wanted to become a painter. Hitler did well in Elementary school, but later on he failed miserably, which he blamed his teachers for. His father died in 1903, and Adolf dropped out of school two years later. In Mein Kampf (My Struggle), the autobiography Hitler dictated while in Landsberg prison in 1924Read MoreAdolf Hitler Essay827 Words   |  4 PagesAdolf Hitler was one of the most feared and cruel men in world history, but how did he come to power? Hitler was one out of a few men to be feared by thousands of people. Hilter was responsible for killing millions of innocent people, mostly of the Jewish religion. He was the chancellor of Germany for 12 years and the leader of the Nazi party. He was a very important person in history, most notably during World War II. When Hitler was young he moved to a town named Vienna, this is where he acquiredRead MoreAdolf Hitler Essays1302 Words   |  6 PagesAdolf Hitler Hitler. The name says it all. He is said to be the incarnation of absolute evil. The devil himself. There have many dictators in the twentieth century that were considered harsh dictators; Mussolini,Stalin, Saddam Hussein, but no one like Adolf Hitler. Hitler’s rule over Germany had a major impact on history and the entire world. Adolf Hitler held the most powerful and cruelest dictatorship of the 20th century. Adolf Hitler was born April 20, 1889 in the small Austrian villageRead MoreThe Impacts of Adolf Hitler1199 Words   |  5 PagesWhat impacts did Hitler have at the time and later in history? The start of World War II was one of the biggest impacts. There were many countries involved in this war. The major countries under the allies were Britain, France, U.S., Soviet Union, and under the axis also had major countries like the Germany, japan, and Italy. The Germany was at its peak. And it was all because of one man, Adolf Hitler, he was one of the most dominant German leaders in history, no doubt about that. Other great leaders

Relationship Between Investment Growth and Managerial Ownership

Question: Discuss about the Relationship Between Investment Growth and Managerial Ownership. Answer: Relationship Between the Investment Growth and Firms Usage of Derivatives The use of derivatives is primarily directed to achieve risk reduction. There are different strategies that can be formed using various derivative products such as forward contract, Futures, Options, and Swaps (Lynch, 2011). The primary objective of these strategies is to reduce the financial risk that may arise due to change in interest rates, inflation, foreign exchange rates, and the capital market indices. The investment growth is coherently related to the risk of investment (Titman, Wei, and Xie, 2004). The risk of investment is the possibility of incurring losses on the proposed investments. Thus, as the probability of incurring losses on the proposed investments goes high, the risk of investment mounts up and the growth of investment is affected adversely. Conversely, when the risk of investment is low, the firms believe in increasing the amount of investment and the growth of investment is enhanced (Titman, Wei, and Xie, 2004). Thus, there exists a strong adverse relationship between the investment growth and the risk of investment. Further, the risk of investment could be correlated to the use of derivatives of a firm. The derivatives are used to reduce the risk, thus, with the use of derivatives the risk of investment goes down which increases the growth of investments. Therefore, it could be inferred that a firm with usages of derivatives will achieve high growth in investment in comparison to the one which does not use derivatives (Sajjad, Noreen, and Zaman, 2013). A research was conducted by Shaari (2013), to explore the impact of use of derivatives on the investment growth. For this purposes, two factors such as capital expenditure and dividend payout ratio were taken as the representatives of investment growth. The empirical evidences show that there exists a positive relationship between the capital expenditure and use of derivatives (Shaari, et al., 2013). This implies that the firms using derivatives get the coverage against risk and that gives them the confidence to diversify and expand by increasing the amount of capital expenditure. For example, a firm considering expanding its operations in other countries gets exposed to the risk of foreign exchange (Shaari, et al., 2013). In order to cover this risk of foreign exchange, the firm can do currency hedging using derivatives such as future contract, forward contract, and option contracts. Now, since the risk of foreign exchange is covered, the firm can go for expansion beyond local boundaries with confidence (Shaari, et al., 2013). Further, it has been observed that the analysts have now started considering derivatives in investment appraisals. The real option in capital budgeting is the prominent example. Real option in capital budgeting can be used to cover the risk of failure of the investment project. The founder of business can enter into a contract to sell the business for a specified value at some pre-fixed date (Jacque, 2014). Thus, it reduces the risk of failure of business by covering the sales consideration. In this regard, it should be noted that if the risk of failure of business is adequately covered the investors will be willing to enhance their investment and an automatic rise in the investment growth could be observed (Jacque, 2014). Relationship Between Managerial Ownership and Firms Usage of Derivatives In the context of decision making, the managerial ownership refers to the mix of insiders and outsiders who take active part in taking strategic decisions for the firm. The insiders in this context refer to the people of management such as managing director, chief financial officer, and chief executive officer while the outsiders refer to the equity owners (Shaari, et al., 2013). The structure and size of the management within the firm does have great bearing on the strategic decision making of the firm. Further, the size of management of the firm is also linked with the scale of operations of the firm. The larger the scale of operations of the firm, wider will be the size of management. It could be observed that a small firm is managed by the owner himself while the large corporations have dedicated teams for specified jobs (Shaari, et al., 2013). In order to understand the relationship between the managerial ownership and the use of derivatives, it is important to re-emphasize the need of use of derivates. The firms use derivatives to hedge against the price fluctuations. These price fluctuations could be related to stock prices, commodity prices, currency rates, or interest rates. Now, three different variables could be used to assess the relationship between the managerial ownership and the firms usages of derivative (Adkins, Carter, Simpson, 2006). These three different variables are ownership by insiders, ownership by institutional block holders, and CEO compensation. In regard to the ownership by insiders, the findings of the research reveal that larger the ownership is with the insiders; lesser will be the possibility to use derivatives for hedging the risk (Adkins, Carter, Simpson, 2006). This happened because when the insiders own large part of equity of the firm, they would want to increase value of their holding. The value of their holdings could be increased with the increased volatility or risk, thus, they may take decision to not to opt for hedging (Adkins, Carter, Simpson, 2006). Further, in regard to the second variable that is ownership by institutional block holders, it was observed that as the ownership on the institutional shareholders increases, the firms use of derivatives for hedging also increases. This happens because the institutional investors are considered risk-averse investors and they do not want to keep their exposure open. Further, the institutional investors also does not take part in the day to day management of the firm, therefore, they want to be affirmed about the bottom line performance by appropriately guarding it against any type of risk (Adkins, Carter, Simpson, 2006). The third variable that is CEO compensation is the most crucial in understanding the relationship between managerial ownership and the use of derivatives by the firm (Adkins, Carter, Simpson, 2006). This is because the chief financial offer is the upper most authority in the management and finality of the decision to hedge or not depends upon him. In this regard, it has been explored that if the CEO compensation is given to a large extent in the form of share options, the likelihood of using derivatives to hedge the risk goes down. This happens because the CEO would want to enhance value of his share options (compensation), which is possible with increased risk. Thus, in such cases, the CEO might decide not opt for derivatives and hedge the risk (Adkins, Carter, Simpson, 2006). Relationship Between Liquidity and Firms Usage of Derivatives The liquidity refers to the firms ability to pay off short term debt as and when it falls due for payment. The liquidity of a firm is indicated by the current and quick ratio (Shaari, et al., 2013). The current ratio which is computed by dividing the current assets by the current liabilities is considered to be the prominent indicator liquidity. The use of derivatives in respect to the items of current assets and current liabilities is essential in establishing its linkage with liquidity. In respect to current assets, a firm may use derivatives to hedge the foreign currency accounts payables and bills receivables. Further, in regard to the current liabilities, the firm could use derivatives to hedge the exposure on the foreign currency accounts payables, note payables, and other short terms foreign currency loans (Shaari, et al., 2013). In order to find out the relationship between liquidity and the use of derivatives, current ratio has been considered as proxy (Shaari, et al., 2013). The result of empirical research conducted in this area depicts that there exists an adverse relationship between current ratio and the usages of derivatives. This implies that when the current ratio goes up, the firms usage of derivatives in hedging the risk goes down and vises a versa. Thus, it could be inferred that an adverse relationship exists between liquidity and the usages of derivatives by the firm (Shaari, et al., 2013). It has been observed that the firms with high current ratio (adequate liquidity), face little risk and thus, the need to reduce the risk further using derivatives remains less. The adequacy of funds to meet out the short term debt makes the firm independent and reduces the financial risk to a great extent. This appears to be the most probable reason for adverse relationship between the usages of firms derivatives and liquidity (Shaari, et al., 2013). Relationship Between Profitability and Firms Usage of Derivatives It is crucial to understand the relationship between profitability and the firms usages of the derivatives. All the firms operate with the primary objective of bringing stability in the profitability. Therefore, it is quite common to understand that all strategies and policies of the firm will be directed to stabilize the profitability, whether those strategies are risk management strategies with usages of derivatives or other strategies and plans. It is an established fact that the firms with adequate risk management outperform the others which are not able to manage the risk adequately (Chanzu and Gekara, 2014). The use of derivatives is a strategy that a firm plans for financial risk control and reduction. Thus, there would be definitely an impact of usages of derivatives on the firms profitability. However, the magnitude of the impact will depend upon the efficacy with which the firm usages the derivatives to reduce the financial risk (Chanzu and Gekara, 2014). Generally, the usages of derivatives will reduce the risk exposure and thus, the portability can be expected to stabilize (Shaari, et al., 2013). However, the use of derivatives to reduce the risk exposure could be quite costly and for that reason it may reduce the profits of the firm. The firm has to pay high premiums in the case of derivatives such as future contracts, forward contracts, and option contracts. Thus, if the strategies to hedge the risk are not planned appropriately, it may adversely affect the profitability. The commonly accepted principle that lower the risk lower will be the profitability and vice a versa, also proves to be true in the case of usage of derivatives. The use of derivatives reduces the volatility in profitability but at the same time it also increases the cost thus, bringing the profitability down (Shaari, et al., 2013). The researches have been conducted to find out the impact of use of derivatives on return on equity and return on assets. The return on equity and return on assets are considered to be adequate representatives of profitability. The return on equity measures the percentage of net profit to the shareholders equity deployed in the business while the return on assets shows overall profitability of the firm. The empirical evidences depicts that both the return on equity as well as return on assets goes down with the usages of derivatives (Shaari, et al., 2013). There has been observed a negative relationship between the use of derivatives and the return earned by the firm. These empirical evidences can also be supported by the theories of financial management also. The theories of financial management state that as the risk reduces, the return goes down (Brigham and Ehrhardt, 2007). Further, there is one more reason for reduction in the return on equity and the return on assets with the usage of derivatives. This is related to the impact of derivative contracts on the balance sheet (Ramirez, 2015). The derivative contracts increase equity or liability on one side and assets on the other side of the balance sheet. Further, the cost of derivatives such as premium reduces the net profits of the firm. Thus, the combined effect of increase in equity and reduction in net profits causes the return on equity to go down. Similarly, the increase in assets and reduced profits cause the return on assets to decrease (Ramirez, 2015). References Adkins, L.C., Carter, D.A., Simpson, W.G. 2006. Managerial incentives and the use of foreign-exchange derivatives by banks. Retrieved January 08, 2017, from https://learneconometrics.com/pdf/cragg12.pdf Brigham, E. and Ehrhardt, M. 2007. Financial Management: Theory Practice. Cengage Learning. Chanzu, L.N. and Gekara, M. 2014. Effects of Use of Derivatives on Financial Performance of Companies Listed in the Nairobi Security Exchange. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(4), pp. 27-43. International Corporate Finance, + Website: Value Creation with Currency Derivatives in Global Jacque, L.L. 2014. Capital Markets. John Wiley Sons. Lynch, T.E. 2011. Derivatives: A Twenty-First Century Understanding. Loyola University Chicago Law Journal, 43, pp. 1-51. Ramirez, J. 2015. Accounting for Derivatives: Advanced Hedging under IFRS 9. John Wiley Sons. Sajjad, F., Noreen, U., and Zaman, K. 2013. Impact of Derivatives on Financial Services Sector and Risk Management. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research, 18(6), pp. 748-758. Shaari, N.A., Hasan, N.A., Palanimally, Y.R., Kumar, R., and Mohamed, M.H. 2013. The Determinants of Derivative Usage: A study on Malaysian firms. Interdisciplinary Journal of Contemporary Research in Business, 5(2), pp. 300-316. Titman, S., Wei, K.C., and Xie, F. 2004. Capital investment and stock returns. The Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, 39(4), pp. 677-700.

MBA Correspondence Courses in USA Essay Example

MBA Correspondence Courses in USA Essay Before we show you these MBA correspondence courses in USA, let us first define it. Many students, who want to continue with their education and pursue an MBA degree, confuse the correspondence course with something else. Try and put it this way. The distance learning MBA or popularly called an online MBA course is pursued by correspondence. In this case, correspondence means ongoing remote communication that is held between two different parties. This type of educational format connects the students, who are not physically present to the class, and the lessons. MBA correspondence courses are made for those who have limited resources and time. Recent graduate, busy professional and mothers who want to gain advanced education are the most interested parties into pursuing an MBA degree on this way. All courses require a bachelor’s degree and meeting the required criteria which can be different depending on your school. The cost you need to pay for getting an MBA degree on this way is cheaper than the part-time or regular MBA. Most of the professionals and students who don’t want to take a regular MBA course are afraid of lack of materials. They don’t need to worry anymore because every school has its own online library that is open 24/7. These students will even receive assignments that need to be completed at the specified period of time. You will be supervised by professionals who have become really famous in the business. If you feel the need to climb higher on the corporate success ladder, getting an MBA degree will help you with that goal. We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Correspondence Courses in USA specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Correspondence Courses in USA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on MBA Correspondence Courses in USA specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According to the latest distance MBA correspondence courses we can see that many great schools offers great options for you. Let’s see the schools that made it up to our top 3 MBA schools’ list. Indiana University – Kelly School of Business This university is based in Bloomington, IN and it has everything that you need to continue your education.   You are required with a GMAT score and the school is AACSB accredited. Minimum credit hours for completing this course is 51 that is equal to 24 months of commitment time. North Carolina State University – Poole College of Management The university is located in Raleigh, North Carolina and offers specializing in many fields. It also requires GMAT scores and has 45 minimum credit hours for getting the degree. It’s AACSB accredited and you will need 24 months for completing this course. University of Illinois: Springfield – College of Business and Management This university is based in Springfield, IL and it is AACSB accredited. Since its start with MBA courses, this school is highly ranked each year. You have the opportunity to finish this program for 21 or 24 months and for getting the MBA degree you will need to complete minimum 36 credit hours. These three will give you the best correspondent MBA courses and they are affordable, too. Given that you need to know more information before deciding to enroll to these programs, you need to visit their official websites in order to do so.

How to Increase the Word Count in an Academic Paper

How to Increase the Word Count in an Academic Paper How to Increase the Word Count in an Academic Paper We’re sometimes asked to help increase the word count in college papers. But that is well outside a proofreading remit! Everything in your writing should be your own work (and you should clearly quote and cite anything you have borrowed from elsewhere). Otherwise it would count as plagiarism. However, we can offer some advice on boosting your word count. First, though, we’ll take a quick look at one thing you should never do when your document is feeling a little skinny. How NOT to Increase the Word Count The first thing most people do when stretching to meet the word count is add padding words. This means inserting unnecessary modifiers and clauses to artificially boost the word count. However, this will make your work harder to read. For example, you might begin with a sentence like this: The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. But after the Padding Word Fairy has visited, it could end up looking more like this: The historic Declaration of Independence, which is a very significant document in American history, was eventually signed in the seminal year of 1776. However, none of additions here provide extra information or insight on the topic: e.g., saying that the Declaration of Independence is â€Å"very significant† is not helpful unless we also explain how it is significant. And since clarity and concision are key in academic writing, this version is worse than the original! But what can you do instead? We have a few suggestions below. Hitting the Word Count the Right Way Even if your main objective is increasing the word count, anything you add to a paper should enhance your argument. There are three main ways to do this: Explain your arguments in more depth Add examples or quotations to illustrate your point Compare and contrast two ideas In all of these cases, the idea is to use whatever you add to demonstrate your understanding of the subject matter. For instance, we could expand the example above to say: The Declaration of Independence was signed in 1776. According to Belz (2004), this action â€Å"asserted the natural right of revolution as a principle of American nationality† (p.68). Here, the quote gives a specific consequence of the signing. Quoting someone also shows that you’ve done extra research, especially if it isn’t from one of the texts on your reading list! This extra sentence only adds 19 words (including the citation). But if you can do this throughout your document, it will increase the word count while also making your work much stronger.

Human Resource in context Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Human Resource in context - Essay Example Instead, it should be understood that changes with respect to the way in which businesses integrate with one another and with respect to how they manage the necessary inputs that are required for producing a given good or service have also shifted dramatically. As a function of seeking to apply this to a relevant understanding of human resources, the following analysis will engage in a discussion that is focused on the growth and evolution that human resource management has taken over the past several decades. Ultimately, the following analysis will be split into two main parts. The first part will provide a running commentary in brief history with respect to the growth and development of strategic human resources as compared to traditional human resource management. Likewise, the second section of the analysis will be concentric upon analyzing the following three models: the Bach model, the Ulrich model, and the Guest model. By analyzing and discussing each of these three models of human resource integration, the analysis will seek to provide the reader with a running commentary regarding the proscriptions that these analysts denote as well as potential criticisms that are inherent within their approach. Before delving in to an interpretation of these three theorists that were listed within the introduction, it is necessary to engage with a primary understanding for why a gradual shift between human resource management towards strategic human resource management has been evidenced over the past several decades. As was at alluded to within the introduction, the underlying rationale behind this has to do with the fact that human resources, as a general practice throughout the globe, has slowly shifted from seeking to promote the best interests of the individual employee towards seeking to promote the best interests of the firm and strategic goals that it hopes to accomplish (Ananthram & Nankervis, A 2013). This is not to say that

Future demographic change in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Future demographic change in the UK - Essay Example This paper explores the benefits associated with the demographic change to businesses in the UK. Wealth The older population is wealthier than present and former generations of retirees. Previous studies show that the increasing number of this population results to high rates of home ownership, investment and savings. This has positive impacts on the economy in general and the businesses enjoy increased stability (Davidson and Fielden, 2004:26). In addition to, there has been an increased grown in share prices and in the worth of superannuation. This provides increased disposable incomes that contribute positively to overall spending and investments (Hobbs, 2008:384). Older people have also been observed to make sound decisions while investing their money and this leads t increased economic growth and a better performing stock market. Work The UK is a difficult situation as the most populous age group is on the verge of retirement, wealthier and even healthier than other generations. The government has come up with policies to tap into the strength of this population to boost economic growth and allow their positive participation in the business sector. The current government policy is aimed at discouraging the trend of early retirement. This will lead to a stabilized tax revenue and productivity in companies (Davidson and Fielden, 2004:26). Most workers opting for early retirement find it difficult to fund a comfortable life for the remaining part of their life. This explains why the government and companies are coming up with incentives to make the older generation work for longer. Retaining or hiring mature age workers has numerous advantages to an entity. Allowing older people to work longer gives them the chance to share their vast experience and knowledge for the benefit of the business (Davidson and Fielden, 2004:26). Older people have a higher work experience and have been experienced a number of economic changes that have taken place over the years. Th ey can be instrumental in advising the company on how to deal with economic downturns crisis and any other challenges facing the company. However, for a long time older people have been undervalued and are deemed fit for the elderly homes instead of the current business environment. Companies in the modern times prefer hiring employees from the younger generation so as to give the company a positive public image. Additionally, the younger generation is techno savvy and owing to the increased use of modern technology, this is the appropriate work force to retain (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Science and Technology Committee, 2005:67). However, with this demographic change, companies will have to have hire mature workers. Contrary to popular belief, mature workers belonged to the baby boomer generation that was highly educated and competitive. The older workers can quickly adjust to the use of the cutting edge technology being adopted by companies in the modern world. Ag e advocacy groups have constantly asserted that early retirement is wastage of experiences, skills and knowledge that are much needed in the current business environment (Great Britain: Parliament: House of Lords: Science and Technology Committee, 2005:67). Most companies argue that older people have declined physical capabilities. However, it has been found that age does not lead

Is Mass Surveillance Unethical?

Is Mass Surveillance Unethical? Surveillance is no different from the casual practice of people watching, but instead of being a casual practice that might occur at one park, or at one restaurant, mass surveillance is sustained over time, and is done on a significant number of people. This practice was put in place to pay attention not just to any random person that roams the streets, but to pay attention to a specific group of people and for a specified reason. This is what raises much controversy about the issue of mass surveillance. It does not have to involve watching, sometimes it can also be done by listening, smelling, or detective hardware. When a cellphone conversation is bugged, this is mass surveillance. When a dog is used to sniff out drugs at the border, this is mass surveillance. The ethics behind this issue have been debated time and again, but whichever point wins, it still remains to be seen that surveillance is a neutral activity whose application can be geared towards good or bad (Cohen, p25). Ye t most continue to argue over the morality of the issue. As we delve into this matter, there will be specific questions that logically need to be answered in order create a proper analysis that has the capability to be brought to a final conclusion and answer. Whose responsibility is it to spy on the masses? And under which circumstances is it right to listen is? Is mass surveillance right at all? These are the questions that thus paper will explore—analyzing the two sides to the sharp edged sword that is mass surveillance. The History of Mass Surveillance Ethics Jeremy Bentham came up with the idea of The Panopticon- an idea that was considered among the first to contribute to the ethical debate on mass surveillance (Bentham 1995). The proposed the concept of The Panopticon – a circular prison whose cells were adjacent to the outside walls and whose center had a tower that hosted the prison manager. The work of this manager would be to watch the inmates as they went about their daily business. It would be built in such a way that the supervisor would see the inmates, but the watched could not see this supervisor at any point in time. There would also be a means of communication that allowed the supervisor on top of the tower to shout out their demands to the prisoners. The principle of the system was that these prisoners would not know they were under surveillance, but seeing as the supervisor would somehow have access to all their secrets, they would, eventually, come to assume that they were being watched and listened to at all times (Cropf, Cropf & Bagwell, p65). This would, in turn, encourage them to behave in the required manner, and in case they had visitors over, these visitors would also be discouraged from committing crimes on the behalf of the inmates. The concept of the Panopticon does not end there. In his book, 1984, George Orwell takes this concept to a whole new level (Orwell 2004). Orwell magnified this concept to reach way beyond the inmates in Bentham’s idea. In 1984, the Panopticon took the shape of a two-way television that gave the government visual and audio access to the homes and work offices of its citizens. In the case of prisoners, these citizens would always be reminded that they were being watched. Orwell discusses both the reasons and the impact of doing something like this. Further exploring this issue is Michel Foucault in the book Discipline and Punish (Foucault 1991). The book explores the obvious use and abuse of power that is behind the idea of mass surveillance. He analyzes how prisons have grown from a means of punishment, to a way of punishing and disciplining offenders for their wrongs. With something like the Panopticon, Foucault argues that prisoners became like social experiments- denied their very basic freedoms in an attempt to punish and discipline them. These three references in history raised fundamental questions on the ethics of surveillance, and although their text mostly revolves around a prison setting, one cannot help but equate this concept to society such that the general population in a country become the prisoners, and the supervisor watching from the tower at the center of the Panopticon becomes the government. Modern Surveillance Surveillance has evolved from a primitive and a careless procedure to a carefully planned out scheme that involves more than a few parties. The technological advancements that the contemporary society so enjoys has become the very tool to be used against them. This realization has made people question the role of mass surveillance. This debate has spilled over to the field of academics where fields of study like Surveillance Studies have come up, brining jurists, sociologists, philosophers, and scientists together to examine the ethics, the science, and the reasons behind mass surveillance (Cropf, Cropf & Bagwell, p80). Today, thanks to technology, mass surveillance has become very complex, both as a social subject and as a science. Now, people can be watched with discreteness thanks to the mobility and small size of freshly invented mass surveillance devices. Surveillance is like a wide, wild wave from the ocean that no one ever sees coming. Take the instance of CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) cameras. These devices are there to gaze and stare as people mover about daily. On the other side is an anonymous viewer that is slowly making conclusions about the way we walk, the way we talk, and the way we live. Unlike the centralized Panopticon, this type of mass surveillance is watching people on an unimaginable scale. The network behind this system transfers magnitude of information back and forth every passing minute (Fuchs, p46). The computerized society is practically exposing itself to be watched and followed around. But surveillance is here for two reasons- to stalk and probe into the private affairs of other people, or to bring forth justice. In some cases, surveillance has even been known to be accepted by the people being watched. This makes it a very ethnically neutral subject, and hence very hard to be explored. The only things left to be analyzed are the proportionality of surveillance, or the methods used to surveil, or the justification of the cause. With such concepts in mind, other smaller but equally significant issues like autonomy, trust and privacy come up in relation to ethics. Forms of Mass Surveillance CCTVs and databases are still used to monitor people today, but for the most part, mass surveillance is done on the internet. Communications are what are monitored these days, including the activity on our mobile devices and computers (Fuchs, p64). Phone spying is done by geography. People in a specific area using a specific cell tower are surveilled together. There are also some cases when the government can set up fake mobile base stations so as to listen in on all the communication ongoing in a specific area, for instance, during a riot that is likely to turn violent. The limitations of mass surveillance devices are virtually disappearing and the government can now access more information than ever. Cell phone conversations are saved by phone companies to be retrieved incase the government needs it. All this information comes with immense power. Even in our homes there is surveillance. The invention of smart devices enables companies to monitor our electricity usage, and smart cities track vehicles for miles on end using sensors and cameras (Babcock & Freivogel, p34). The legality of these devices has been documented, so the only thing that is left for us to debate on is their ethicality. What is the Problem of Mass Surveillance? Governments have tried to sugarcoat the situation by calling mass surveillance ‘bulk collection of communications’, but however it is phrased, it is still just mass surveillance.   The problem is that mass surveillance interferes with privacy. This point cannot be stressed enough because all surveillance devices are bent on one goal- record it all. They are created specifically to mine data, to exploit data, to draw conclusions from this data, and to try and create patters from the information if provides (Babcock & Freivogel, p53). Systems are made specifically to filter out suspicious words and to determine relationships between suspicious persons. Mass surveillance, at the very beginning, assumes that each and every person is a suspect. Slowly but surely, most of the population is eliminated from this bracket. People are correlated on the basis of what many be nothing more than a coincidence. Visiting the same website at the same time, or going to the same restaurant every morning for coffee- conclusions are made from the little connections that can be made. With the little details, patterns can be created and the government can have a whole idea of what an individual’s life is like. By listening to what they do, what they say, what they buy, what they eat, and where they go, law enforcement agencies can create 100 percent accurate profiled on people without these people ever knowing. With this kind of information, there is always risk. In as much as there might be very strong guidelines put in place to protect the information from abuse, there will always be the few cases that slip through the cracks (Babcock & Freivogel, p74). Mass surveillance therefore becomes a danger to the very people that it is meant to protect. Those who end up as victims of such abuses suffer the worst mistakes of mass surveillance as the attacker usually has all the personal information anyone would need to cause harm. This is called the ‘chilling effect’ of surveillance. Sure, it is meant to protect and it does protect, but generally, mass surveillance puts people on alert. There is a difference between being watched and not being watched, most people are just too used to it to even notice, but take mass surveillance away and people will be freer to commit all sorts of acts- not necessarily criminal acts, but acts nevertheless. Ultimately, we believe that mass surveillance is there to protect us, but before we can be protected, how much do we have to give up? Our innovation? Our free imagination and free speech? Do we have to succumb to conformity just to be safe? Do we have to stand something so unethical? The Ethics of Privacy, Autonomy and Trust Privacy is an important this to society- it makes us feel safe, makes us feel in control again, even if just for a while. Mass surveillance is a threat to this privacy, or at least that is what most people use to make their arguments against it. Especially at the individual level, privacy is an important thing. It is called the right to privacy for a reason- it is not in the place of anyone, not even the state, to take it away from people without their consent. This right is really a blanket policy that incorporates other minor rights within itself. There is a right to privacy of property, and there is a right to personal privacy. This right, apart from consisting of other sub-rights, does not stand on its own. The right to privacy, in this respect, ceases to be a distinct right at all. It is consisted of the right to autonomy, and other such rights. For instance, when a person disposes their diary, it is violation of their right to pick up this diary and read it. This is a violation of the right to dispose of property privately. Torturing a person so as to get certain information from them is a violation of their right not to be physically hurt (Baxi, McCrudden & Paliwala, p56).   Yet in both these examples, there is still a violation of privacy among other rights. The definition of the right to privacy is therefore not definite. Mass surveillance cannot violate something that is not even definitely explained in the first. We are therefore forced to come up with our own definition of this right so that we can survive with the idea that we are being watched and listened to at all moments of the day. Privacy gives us some control and some dignity. As we interact with other people, a large amount of our security and our confidence comes from our privacy. Even though we know nothing about the strangers we meet each day, we feel safe with the notion that these people don’t know anything about us. If strangers knew our weaknesses, then they might use them against us, so we feel safe knowing that no one knows anything about our private lives. But mass surveillance violates this safe zone. In mass surveillance, we are exposed to an all-seeing eye and in a way, we are made to feel as though our secrets are out in the open. But the public has a level of dependency on the government, and in this way, it becomes okay for the state to violate our privacy for the greater good. But the more surveillance is used as an excuse to violate the privacy of the public, the more that people lose their sense of autonomy(Baxi, McCrudden & Paliwala, p76). Mass surveillance makes it so that we are not as confidence to speak in public. It entices fear because we know that any and everything we do has severe consequences. Using mass surveillance to make sure people don’t commit any crimes is like forcing them to be good, and this just increases their need for rebellion. So if the population becomes better because they are being watched, it can be argued that these actions are only pretentious, and if the mass surveillance equipment is taken away, then the public will back to its true colors. In this way, the government is also dependent on mass surveillance, and therefore it becomes unethical in such a way that it is used as a crutch for the state to control the behavior of its citizens. Why Surveillance? So many people jump straight to the impact that mass surveillance has on people- no one ever really stops to ask why surveillance is installed all around them. It is a basic assumption that surveillance is for security purposes, and while this might be true, this question still needs to be explored is the ethical foundation of mass surveillance is to be determined   (Cohen, p37). Yet even as we jump to security reasons as the obvious answer this question, the degree of security devices around us is a bit too much. There is also the question of who is monitoring the footage that is recorded on all the cameras. Take the example of political insurgents- is surveilling them really going to improve the security of the state? The first thing we need to understand is that their more than a few forms of surveillance. This practice extends far beyond the CCTV cameras on our streets and in our offices- mass surveillance has roots in each and every sector of the country. But security is not the only reason for mass surveillance. Retail stores and other companies get information on the kinds of goods that customers buy from the information on their loyalty cards- this is also a form of mass surveillance. The customers, in exchange of some discount deals of similar promotions, gladly participate in such forms of surveillance (Cohen, p57). Is this to be considered unethical? How can it be unethical when the shopping experience of these customers will be improved through their participation? Looking at transportation, especially public transit, people can now use the subway even with no money on them. This is as a result of the invention of smart cards. Using these cards, a person’s spending can be tracked and if they get into some medical trouble when far away from home, the cards can be used to identify who they are and provide their medical history. If police officers need to establish the credibility of a suspect’s alibi, then they can simply track their credit card movements and build a profile from there. These forms of surveillance are not only beneficial, they can sometimes be essential to the well-being of people. This is in no way unethical. Mass surveillance can be used for individual needs as well. A financially unstable computer genius might decide to use their skills to hack into a credit card company server and steal the numbers, hence taking other people’s money (Cohen, p81). The hacker is unethical, but the credit card company is not unethical for monitoring the spending of their customers. This makes mass surveillance both ethical and unethical- it all depends on how the issue is approached. For personal reasons, people might choose to exploit the mass surveillance equipment already in place to invade the privacy of others. These systems have a lot of personal information about many different people, and for this reason, they are sensitive. If used for good, mass surveillance can benefit millions, but is allowed into the wrong hands, then an unlucky few will suffer for it. Is it ethical, therefore, to allow the few to suffer for the well-being of the many? This brings up a whole other division of ethics that will take time and research to explore, but mass surveillance is not a subject to be approached in black and white. There are issues of distribution- who gets to suffer and who gets to live if a specific instance of mass surveillance goes wrong? There is the issue of consent. Supermarket customers have to agree to participate in promotions that monitor their spending and the kind of goods they buy, but criminals being investigated are denied to right to consent to privacy intrusion, and the law has no obligation to them as long as they are suspects (Cohen, p87). There is a concept of the greater good involved here, and for the few that have to fall victim to the dark side of mass surveillance, one million others get to live. Is this justified? No. but neither is it unjustified. Who is in Charge? As the party being watched loses autonomy and power, the surveilling party gains more power and control. The information that most people would rather keep to themselves is known- it is out there in the public and the chances of it circulating even further are higher. There is a power imbalance between the masses and the people that are in charge of mass surveillance. In this context, surveillance becomes wrong, almost like a primitive form of intimidation. It becomes unethical and very dangerous for all the parties involved. Everyone, no matter how insignificant, is entitled to certain basic rights. These are such as the right to freely speak, the right to interact with other people, and the right to freely protest against that which one finds distasteful. These rights are law and are preached to all citizens every waking day, but with mass surveillance, they become less equated to human rights and become more equated to evidence (Pandey, p24). If there is a record of a person speaking freely for or against certain beliefs they have, then thus record can be used against them if they are ever suspected of committing a crime. People, therefore, decide to stay low and only speak in the shadows, for the state holds all the power. When it comes to a point when a person’s rights are no longer their own, then mass surveillance is considered to have crossed the ethical line. The simplest democratic practices are hindered by cameras and such monitoring devices. What is the point of giving away privileges only to use them against the very people that are supposed to be protected by these privileges? There is also the question of distance. The surveilling team is literally on the other side of the screen- adding to the power imbalance between the authorities and the masses (Pandey, p32). This gives a sense of two very different parties where one in pulling the strings and the other party has to adhere to all the rules or there will be consequences. People are spied upon, denied basic rights, and made to feel powerless. In this way, mass surveillance becomes unethical, even though it is used to protect these very people. Nothing to Hide There is a famous statement, â€Å"if you haven’t done anything wrong, then there is nothing to fear.† This statement has long been used to justify the ethics of surveillance. If the public has nothing to hide, then they have nothing to fear even if the government pricks and probes at the most private details of their lives. Looking at it carefully, however, it does make sense. Majority of the people have no criminal records, nor do they have any intention of committing any crimes in the future. In this sense, mass surveillance does not affect them in any way. Surveillance is only meant to catch the bad few and make the lives of others safer in the process. In this reasoning, the government has installed cameras, wiretaps, and record checks almost everywhere. Citizens are convinced that all this effort is for their own good, and once the terrorists have been eliminated, it will have been worth it. But the bad guys never quit, and every waking morning, the government finds new ways to get more information- both in quantity and in depth. It is true that mass surveillance makes it safer for the majority, but this does not make it ethical (Bishop, Miloslavskaya & Theocharidou,   p51). If the government mandated every citizen to walk around with a tracking device in an effort to advance mass surveillance, then it would make sense that anyone who refused to do so has something to hide and should be investigated further. But it can also be argued that such measures are simply wrong and in violation of most forms of privacy. So if most people refuse to willingly submit to the will of government and give themselves up to be examined, then it does not necessarily mean that these people are criminals, it just means that they value their privacy more than their security- or something like that. Yet, with the modern advancements in technology, the government can already track people even when they are not carrying any tracking devices on them. People can be tracked using their credit card actions, or using cameras that are lodged on every street corner(Bishop, Miloslavskaya & Theocharidou,   p74). These movements, however, can only be tracked to a certain extent. In this way, a person is able to be kept safe and they are also able to maintain their privacy. Yet this is not any better that if the government forcefully implemented a law that mandated everyone to carry around a tracking device. Both actions are invasive, and thus both actions are wrong, and just because one is more invasive than the other does not make the latter action any less unethical. There is also the issue of storage. After the information has been collected from the public, it is stored in archives that are vulnerable to hackers. There are people capable of accessing this information and using it to harm and not to protect. This puts the whole argument against the use of mass surveillance to watch the public. For instance, back in 2007, a worker from the Department of Commerce, Benjamin Robinson, accessed a government database and used the information within it to track the movements of his former girlfriend. He accessed this system at least 163 times before he was discovered, an if it had continued for any longer, then the girl that was being tracked could have ended up in real danger (Bishop, Miloslavskaya & Theocharidou,   p85). This man was unethical in his actions, but so was the government for collecting personal information and storing it in such a way that it could be accessed more than 100 times before any red flags were raised. When to use Mass Surveillance So when exactly is mass surveillance ethical? Would it be ethical when we are invaded and it is the only way that the invaders can be flushed out? Would it be ethical if the data collected in the devices is not used against the people that are supposed to be protected by the surveillance systems? There are lines that should not be crossed, the only problem is that these lines are not clear. According to M.I.T. Professor Gary Marx, there are a number of questions that need to be answered before mass surveillance can be implemented anywhere. Means The first issue that needs to be explored is the means of mass surveillance being used. Does it cause any sort of harm to the public, be it physical or psychological? Does the surveillance method have boundaries? The technique used should not be allowed to cross a certain line without consent of the party being surveilled. The techniques being used also needs to be trustworthy. The personal information of the people being surveilled should be kept safe and it should not be used against them. Is the method invasive to personal relationships? Lastly, the means used to enforce mass surveillance needs to produce results as they were- the results should be valid and not doctored in any way (Berleur & Whitehouse. P42). Context The second issue that has to be explored to justify mass surveillance is that of data collection context. Those being surveilled need to be aware that personal information is being collected on them, and they need to know who is collecting this information and why they are collecting it. These individuals need to agree to be surveilled- consent is a key issue. And then comes the golden rule- those that are responsible to setting up and implementing surveillance also need to be its subjects. In short, everyone, even government officials, need to agree to the same conditions that everyone else agrees to. Mass surveillance should indeed look out for the masses- no exceptions. For it to be ethically justifiable at all, then a certain principle of minimization needs to be enforced. Mass surveillance also has to be decided by the public. To come to the decision of setting up surveillance, a discussion has to be held publicly and people have to decide for or against it. If they decide to go through with it, then there needs to be a human review of the machines and the equipment that are to be used. The people that decide to be surveilled are also entitled to inspect the results of this surveillance and question how the results were created and how they are going to be used. They also have a right to challenge the records in case any obvious errors are made with the surveillance results (Berleur & Whitehouse. P62). Before mass surveillance can be allowed to function in society, then there needs to be a means of redress. In case any individual is treated unjustly because of surveillance, then there should be appropriate punishments in place for the perpetrator of the crime so as to phase out unethical surveillance behavior. The data collected needs to be protected adequately so as to avoid any unethical use of this information in the first place. Mass surveillance methods need to have very minimal negative effects, or preferable, no negative effects at all. Lastly, mass surveillance needs to be equal. The same methods used on the middle class need to be used on the upper class, and is there is a way of resisting mass surveillance, then the government needs to make sure that these methods are available to the privileged as well as to the less privileged (Berleur & Whitehouse. P69). If even one person can escape mass surveillance, then all the other members of the public have no business being watched by the government. Uses The final issue that has to be analyzed is that of the uses of the data that is collected from mass surveillance devices. Surveillance needs to have a certain goal- whether it is to improve the shopping experience of customers, or to reduce crime rate. The data collected needs to be useful in fulfilling this goal, otherwise, there is no point. In as much as the goal needs to be fulfilled, there also needs to be a perfect balance between fulfilling this goal and spending just the right amount of money- not too much for it to be wasteful, and not too little for the surveillance to bear worthless results. Before surveillance is implemented, the responsible party needs to make sure there is no other means that will cost less money and fulfill the same duties (Berleur & Whitehouse. P87). If it is too costly, then are there any consequences of not installing surveillance equipment, and if so, to what extent will these consequences affect society? How can the cost and the risk be minimized? The information collected needs to be used only for its intended purposes only and nothing more. Therefore, mass surveillance can be ethical, but it also has a large capacity to be unethical. Following this guideline, mass surveillance should be installed with no problems and with no major violations of any kind. However this issue is approached, there will always be a basic violation of privacy that is associated with surveillance, but the damage is controllable as long as the public consents to it. there needs to be appropriate measures and guidelines put in place before using any form of mass surveillance on a population, and these guidelines need to be adhered to by all the involved parties- be it the party surveilling, or the party being surveilled. How do we make Surveillance Ethical? There is a lot of fuss about mass surveillance. We should never stop discussing the underlying issues on mass surveillance, but we should also give the government a chance to prove that mass surveillance is truly for the good of the public and not just some scheme to keep citizens in check. Mass surveillance attempts to do the impossible- keep people safe while also maintaining an open and free society with people who are not afraid to express their views. Amidst all these issues, the question of how to make mass surveillance more ethical is often overlooked, but there is truly a way in which we can make sure that mass surveillance is justified and only in the best interest of the masses. For mass surveillance to be ethical, there needs to be a reason for it. Secretively spying on people without them knowing why or how is why surveillance is considered unethical, but approaching these people from a logical standpoint and explaining to them why mass surveillance is necessary is in every way ethical (Duquenoy, Jones & Blundell, p38). For surveillance to be ethical, there also needs to be transparency. This means that there should be integrity of motive- no secret agendas. Right from the way the data is collected to the way it is handled and used, there needs to complete honesty between the parties involved. The methods used need to be analyzed for proportionality, there must be laws put in place to protect the interests of those being surveilled, and lastly, there needs to be a clear prospect for success if mass surveillance is to be carried on for a long period of time (Duquenoy, Jones & Blundell, p78). Conclusion So, is mass surveillance unethical? Yes it is, and no, it is not. This is one of those issues that has to be examined in context. If a criminal hacks into the surveillance system of a particular government and uses it to commit a major crime, then this criminal is wrong, but this still does not make mass surveillance unethical. The justification and ethicality of mass surveillance are often treated as one subject, and in as much as they may overlap, they are quite different. For instance, it is justified for a government to put up cameras to protect the many while they focus on the few bad apples that are likely to commit crimes, but it is unethical that this same government is intruding the privacy of so many people just to catch a few criminals. In the same way, it is unethical to listen in on a cell phone conversation of a suspect in a criminal investigation, but if this person ends up being convicted because of the conversation, then it becomes justified, and to some extent, also ethical. If we go back to the basics, parents have to monitor their children in order for these infants to survive. In this context, the infants are viewed as powerless, helpless, and in need of constant care and attention. It is therefore the parent’s responsibility, both ethically and morally, to be there for their child. After these children grow, they become independent and are no longer in need of constant attention. These children start to pull away from their parents and seek out their own privacy. The same knowledge can be applied to the issue of mass surveillance. The public can be seen as children who have grown over time and earned the right to their own privacy, and yet the government persists on monitoring them constantly (Cohen, p85). In the public consents to this surveillance, then it becomes ethically justifiable for mass surveillance to continue, but without the public’s consent to surveillance, then it becomes wrong and an intrusion of privacy. Work cited Cropf, Robert A, Robert A Cropf, and Timothy C Bagwell. Ethical Issues And Citizen Rights In The Era Of Digital Government Surveillance. 1st ed. Print. Cohen, E.  Mass Surveillance And State Control. 1st ed. [Place of publication not identified]: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Print. Gamino Garcia, Arkaitz et al.  Mass Surveillance. 1st ed. [Brussels]: [European Commission], 2015. Print. Pandey, Archit.  An Introduction To Mass Surveillance And International Law. 1st ed. Print. Baxi, Upendra, Christopher McCrudden, and Abdul Paliwala. Laws Ethical, Global And Theoretical Contexts. Essays In Honour Of William Twining. 1st ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2016. Print. Babcock, William A, and William H Freivogel. The SAGE Guide To Key Issues In Mass Media Ethics And Law. 1st ed. Print. Berleur, J, and Diane Whitehouse. An Ethical Global Information Society. 1st ed. London: New York, 1997. Print. Laws Ethical, Global, And Theoretical Contexts. 1st ed. Cambridge University Press, 2015. Print. Bishop, Matt, Natalia Miloslavskaya, and Marianthi Theocharidou.  Information Security Education Across The Curriculum. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. Print. Duquenoy, Penny, Simon Jones, and Barry Blundell. Ethical, Legal And Professional Issues In Computing. 1st ed. Australia: Thomson, 2008. Print. Fuchs, Christian.  Internet And Surveillance: The Challenges Of Web 2.0 And Social Media. 1st ed. New York: Routledge, 2012. Print.

Surrogacy is Morally Wrong Essay -- Surrogacy Is Immoral

In this paper, I argue that if the debate about the morality of surrogacy is couched in terms of respect due to other human beings and the paramount importance of their intimate relationships with one another, then it may be shown that most ordinary instances of surrogacy are morally wrong. Human flourishing cannot be separated from one’s relationships with others and any circumstance which is destructive of such relationships must be considered immoral. The surrogate, unless she is treated as an object or merely as a means to an end, is intimately involved in the relationships between the child and its putative parents and important relationships become ambiguous and so harmed. Furthermore, if this view if rejected, then the feminist argument that surrogacy always involves the exploitation of the surrogate renders it immoral. The debate about surrogacy revolves around the following issues: (a) whether it is in the interests of the child involved or in the interests of society; or (b) whether it is exploitative of the birth mother or in the interests of women, as a whole. In considering the issues under (a) it is often argued that children are at risk of harm from having socially constructed family relationships rather than natural ones. Many commentators have likened the experience of children and birth mothers in surrogacy arrangements to children and relinquishing mothers in adoption, and point to the potential psychological and social harm that may result. (1) One argument against surrogacy therefore revolves around the relationships which are involved. Although talk of interests seems to couch the debate in utilitarian terms (2) it is not the only way in which the arguments about surrogacy may be seen. Another way of seei... ...s the potential for depersonalisation strong, quoting the case of a woman who said of her sister (in an a case of altruistic surrogacy), "We are just using Jacki as a suitcase really, an incubator to carry it. At the end of the day it’s our child". Rowland, R. Op. Cit., 164 (17) Ibid., 164-166 (18) Szikla, C. "Surrogacy, Why Women Lose",http://www.readings.com.au:8080/~wise/RT2.htm, 3-6 (19) Another solution is to say that this dichotomy does not hold and that there is nothing wrong with a mà ©nage à   trois (or à   quatre, if both sperm and ovum are donated). This solution, however, changes our conceptions of marriage and radically alters the context in which the problem is being discussed in this paper. (20) See Mitchell, J.D. "In Vitro fertilisation: The Major Issues - A Comment", Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 9, 1983, 196-199, who makes a similar point.